Lesson 10 | Odds & Ends, Part 2

Paradigm Review

This step contains the most important paradigms from the course. You should now know these paradigms quite well and be able to quickly and effectively use the Greek IV cheat sheet to identify and parse subjunctives and imperatives.

        Subjunctives: 3 KEY FEATURES
      
        Tense-Form
        Voice
        Stem
        Tense Former
        Ending Pattern
      
        Present
        Active
        present
        
        ⇠vowel⇢
Primary
Active
      
        Middle/
Passive
        present
        
        ⇠vowel⇢
Primary
Middle-Passive
      
        1st Aorist
        Active
        usually same as
present
        σ
        ⇠vowel⇢
Primary
Active
      
        Middle
        usually same as
present
        σ
        ⇠vowel⇢
Primary
Middle-Passive
      
        Passive
        usually same as
present
        θ
        ⇠vowel⇢
Primary
Active
      
        2nd Aorist
        Active
        aorist
        
        ⇠vowel⇢
Primary
Active
      
        Middle
        aorist
        
        ⇠vowel⇢
Primary
Middle-Passive
      
        Passive
        aorist
        
        ⇠vowel⇢
Primary
Active
      
        Imperative Ending Patterns
      
        Active
        
        Middle-Passive
      
        Singular
        Second
        λῦε¹
        λύου²
      
        Third
        λυέτω
        λυέσθω
      
        Plural
        Second
        λύετε
        λύεσθε
      
        Third
        λυέτωσαν
        λυέσθωσαν
      
        ¹ This ending changes to ον in the 1st Aorist Active.It changes to τι in the Aorist Passive (infrequent).

        ² This ending changes to ι in the 1st Aorist Middle (infrequent).
      
        Imperatives: 3 KEY FEATURES
      
        Tense-Form
        Voice
        Stem
        Tense Former
        Ending Pattern
      
        Present
        Active
        present
        
        Imperative
Active
      
        Middle/
Passive
        present
        
        Imperative
Middle-Passive
      
        1st Aorist
        Active
        usually same as
present
        σα
        Imperative
Active
      
        Middle
        usually same as
present
        σα
        Imperative
Middle-Passive
      
        Passive
        usually same as
present
        θη
        Imperative
Active
      
        2nd Aorist
        Active
        aorist
        
        Imperative
Active
      
        Middle
        aorist
        
        Imperative
Middle-Passive
      
        Passive
        aorist
        η
        Imperative
Active
      
        εἰμί in the subjunctive and imperative
      
        Subjunctive
        
        Imperative
      
        Singular
        First
        ὦI may be

        Second
        ᾖςyou may be

        ἴσθι[you] be

        Third
        ᾖhe/she/it may be

        ἔστωlet him/her/it be

        Plural
        First
        ὦμενwe may be

        Second
        ᾖτεyou (pl.) may be

        ἔστε[you (pl.)] be

        Third
        ὦσι(ν)they may be

        ἔστωσανlet them be

        Two Optative Forms to Memorize
      
        Form
        
        Meaning
      
        μὴ γένοιτο (17x)
        =
        “may it never be!”
      
        εἴη (12x)
        =
        “might be”
      
        Conditionals Classes
      
        Protasis (if-clause)
        
        Apodasis (then-clause)
        
        Meaning
      
        First
Class
        εἰ + [οὐ] indicative
        →
        (any mood, any tense)
        Assumed true for the sake of argument
      
        Second
Class
        εἰ + [μή] indicative(aorist, imperfect, or pluperfect)

        →
        [ἄν] indicative(matches tense-form of protasis)

        Speaker believes protasis is contrary to fact
      
        Third
Class
        ἐάν + [μή] subjunctive
        →
        (any mood, any tense)
        Expresses potential or probable fulfillment

εἰμί in the subjunctive and imperative
		Subjunctive	Imperative
Singular	First	ὦ I may be
	Second	ᾖς you may be	ἴσθι [you] be
	Third	ᾖ he/she/it may be	ἔστω let him/her/it be
Plural	First	ὦμεν we may be
	Second	ᾖτε you (pl.) may be	ἔστε [you (pl.)] be
	Third	ὦσι(ν) they may be	ἔστωσαν let them be

Two Optative Forms to Memorize
Form		Meaning
μὴ γένοιτο (17x)	=	“may it never be!”
εἴη (12x)	=	“might be”

Subjunctives: 3 KEY FEATURES
Tense-Form	Voice	Stem	Tense Former	Ending Pattern
Present	Active	present		⇠vowel⇢ Primary Active
Present	Middle/ Passive	present		⇠vowel⇢ Primary Middle-Passive
1st Aorist	Active	usually same as present	σ	⇠vowel⇢ Primary Active
	Middle	usually same as present	σ	⇠vowel⇢ Primary Middle-Passive
	Passive	usually same as present	θ	⇠vowel⇢ Primary Active
2nd Aorist	Active	aorist		⇠vowel⇢ Primary Active
	Middle	aorist		⇠vowel⇢ Primary Middle-Passive
	Passive	aorist		⇠vowel⇢ Primary Active

Imperative Ending Patterns
		Active	Middle-Passive
Singular	Second	λῦε¹	λύου²
Singular	Third	λυέτω	λυέσθω
Plural	Second	λύετε	λύεσθε
Plural	Third	λυέτωσαν	λυέσθωσαν
	¹ This ending changes to ον in the 1st Aorist Active. It changes to τι in the Aorist Passive (infrequent).
	² This ending changes to ι in the 1st Aorist Middle (infrequent).

Imperatives: 3 KEY FEATURES
Tense-Form	Voice	Stem	Tense Former	Ending Pattern
Present	Active	present		Imperative Active
Present	Middle/ Passive	present		Imperative Middle-Passive
1st Aorist	Active	usually same as present	σα	Imperative Active
	Middle	usually same as present	σα	Imperative Middle-Passive
	Passive	usually same as present	θη	Imperative Active
2nd Aorist	Active	aorist		Imperative Active
	Middle	aorist		Imperative Middle-Passive
	Passive	aorist	η	Imperative Active

Conditionals Classes
	Protasis (if-clause)		Apodasis (then-clause)	Meaning
First Class	εἰ + [οὐ] indicative	→	(any mood, any tense)	Assumed true for the sake of argument
Second Class	εἰ + [μή] indicative (aorist, imperfect, or pluperfect)	→	[ἄν] indicative (matches tense-form of protasis)	Speaker believes protasis is contrary to fact
Third Class	ἐάν + [μή] subjunctive	→	(any mood, any tense)	Expresses potential or probable fulfillment