Lesson 4 | The Fourth Pass: Label, Part 1
Support by Distinct Statement
The first category of Phrasing relationships is Support by Distinct Statement. That is, a subordinate phrase contains a new idea that is quite different from the idea of its anchor phrase, and which qualifies or supports the anchor phrase in some way.
Note: There is a lot of information on this and the following steps. You need not memorize every detail, but should carefully read through and try to understand each relationship.
There are six basic relationships in this category, with two of them being subdivided into more precise categories, for a total of 11 relationships.
This is a phrase that indicates the argument or reason for the anchor phrase. Keywords here include the conjunctions “because,” “due to,” “for,” “if,” and “since.”
This is a phrase that indicates the consequence or outcome of the anchor phrase. It often includes the conjunctions “and so,” “so that,” or “that.“
This is a phrase that indicates the goal or intended result of the anchor phrase. Some of the same keywords for Result are often used to express Purpose, such as “so that,” and “that.” The keywords “in order that”, “in order to,” “lest,” and “to” are also often used.
The difference between Purpose and Result is intentionality; a Purpose phrase is always a result that someone intended to cause.
There are two subcategories of Purpose.
A phrase with one of these more specific labels indicates that the anchor phrase is being accomplished for the benefit of someone or something. By far the most common keyword for this category is “for.”
The second subcategory of Purpose is a phrase that indicates that the anchor phrase is being accomplished to the detriment of someone or something. Often the same keywords will be used as for Purpose, but with the idea of the purpose being for someone’s disadvantage. One common keyword for Disadvantage specifically is “against.”
This is a phrase that indicates what must be true for the anchor phrase to be in effect. The most common conjunction used in this relationship is “if,” sometimes combined with “then” (as below), as well as “except” and “unless.”
This is a phrase that indicates the time in which the anchor phrase occurs or is true. Keywords like “about,” “after,” “at,” “before,” “when,” and others are frequently used.
This is a phrase that indicates the location in which the anchor phrase occurs or is true. Prepositions like “above,” “against,” “in,” “on,” and others are often used.
The Locative category contains three subcategories, described below. Choose Locative and not one of the three subcategories only when their specific nuances on the idea of location are not present.
This is a phrase that indicates the point of origin from which the anchor phrase derives or depends, and often uses the preposition “from.”
This is a phrase that indicates the end point to which the anchor phrase arrives, often using the keyword “to.”
This is a phrase that indicates that the anchor phrase is distancing itself from an object or concept, using keywords like “from.”