Lesson 4 | The Fourth Pass: Label, Part 1
Support by Restatement
The second category of Phrasing relationships is Support by Restatement. That is, a subordinate phrase is pointing back to its anchor phrase and giving us more information about it.
There are five relationships in this category, and four of them are subdivided into more precise categories, for a total of 15 relationships.
This is a phrase that indicates the way the anchor phrase is carried out. Keywords often used in this type of phrase are “by,” “in,” “in that,” “in this way,” and “with.”
There are two subcategories of Manner, used when either an instrument or a personal agent is involved in carrying out the action of the anchor phrase (see next two relationships).
A Manner phrase is distinguished from these two subcategories in that it doesn’t describe a person or thing that performs an action, but rather describes the way in which the action was performed, such as “with all their might” in the example above. In the sentence, “With a grin, he hit the ball with a bat,” we see both Manner and Means. “With a grin” conveys Manner, while “with a bat” conveys Means.
This is a phrase that indicates the instrument by which the anchor phrase is accomplished.
This subset of Manner is used to describe only non-personal agents who perform the action of the anchor phrase, such as “diverse and strange teachings” here, “with a word” in Matthew 8:16, or “with the sword” in Acts 12:2.
This is a phrase that indicates the personal agent by whom the anchor phrase is executed, as opposed to the non-personal agent of Manner—Means.
This is a phrase that is used to clarify the anchor phrase by showing what it is like. Keywords used in this type of phrase include “as,” “beyond,” “in the same way,” “just like,” “more than,” and “so too.”
This is a phrase that indicates a point of reference to which the anchor phrase accords. This is a further level of detail from a generic Comparison. The main keywords used to indicate this relationship are “according to” and “in the same way.”
This is a phrase that enforces the anchor phrase by contrast or by restating it in a negative way. Frequent conjunctions used to express this include “but,” “except,” “however,” “instead,” “not,” “rather,” “whereas,” and “while.”
Notice that there is no “Positive” relationship label. This is because we are labeling only the subordinate phrase, saying how it relates to its anchor phrase, which is itself the positive phrase.
Another important thing to note is that, in the Negative relationship, the “not” phrase is usually subordinate to the “but” phrase. In other words, the positive side of a negative/positive pair of phrases is the most straight-forward side. It is the part which is being affirmed, and so is the main point.
This is a phrase that indicates what something in the anchor phrase is given in place of or in exchange for. This goes beyond a simple Negative relationship and adds the idea of something/someone being substituted for something/someone else. The main conjunction used in this relationship is “in place of.”
This is a phrase that clarifies the meaning of the anchor phrase. The conjunctions “even,” “in this way,” “namely,” and “that” are commonly used.
This category has six sub-categories, each showing a unique kind of explanation.
This is a phrase that acts as the subject or object of the anchor phrase. The main conjunction used in this relationship is “that.” This is also a common relationship for unmarked phrases.
This is a phrase that indicates the sphere in which the anchor phrase is true. For this specific subset of Explanation, the preposition “in” is normally used.
This is a phrase that clarifies the anchor phrase by distinguishing it from something else. The keyword “besides” is commonly used in this relationship.
This is a phrase that provides a specific instance of the anchor phrase. This relationship is commonly indicated by the keywords “especially” and “such as.”
This is a phrase that indicates who or what is included with those already mentioned in the anchor phrase. The preposition “with” is the keyword for this relationship.
This is a phrase that indicates to what the anchor phrase is in connection. “Concerning,” “with regard,” and “with respect to” are keywords to look for.
This is a phrase that indicates the reply to a question. There are no keywords for this relationship; simply look for a question-and-answer relationship, and label the answer.